219:(RES). Researchers discovered inhibitors that blocked the uptake of neurotransmitters into vesicles, suggesting the existence of VMATs. A decade later, molecular genetic tools have improved methods for protein identification. Scientists have used these tools to analyze DNA and amino acid sequences, and discovered that transporters in bacteria and humans were very similar, which emphasized the importance and universality of transporters. The transporters were first structurally identified by cloning VMATs in rats. The VMAT were first isolated and purified in bovine chromaffin granules, in both its native and929:
cell through transport and lipophilic diffusion, then diffuses through the vesicular membrane where they accumulate in synaptic vesicles and offset the proton electrochemical gradient in the vesicle that drives monoamine transport through VMAT. Amphetamine administration would prevent vesicular dopamine uptake through VMAT, and explain the finding that amphetamine administration correlates with decreased dopamine release from vesicles and a neurotoxic increase in intracellular dopamine.
43:
323:
714:. The hydrophobic residues in the dileucine motif are thought to couple with the acidic residues as a single unit to help sort VMAT2 to large dense course vesicles. Acidic glutamate residues located upstream of the dileucine motif are known to be important for localization of VMAT2 to large dense core vesicles; these residues are also conserved in VMAT1.331:
315:
307:
857:. The reduced VMAT2 protein levels were not accompanied by similar levels of VMAT2 mRNA alterations. Based on these findings, it has been proposed that VMAT2 activity is not altered at the level of genetic expression, but may be altered at the functional level in ways that may correlate with clinical depression.1051:
nerve terminals, has been found to have regulatory interactions with the trafficking of VMATs; mutations involving α-synuclein have been linked to familial PD. Further research is needed to clarify the extent to which these proteins modulate the trafficking of VMATs, and whether they may be exploited
928:
In addition to an interaction with the TBZ/DTBZOH binding site, some researchers propose that substituted amphetamines like methamphetamine decrease dopamine uptake because of the weak base properties of substituted amphetamines. This “Weak Base Hypothesis” proposes that amphetamine analogs enter the
2142:
They also demonstrated competition for binding between METH and reserpine, suggesting they might bind to the same site on VMAT. George Uhl's laboratory similarly reported that AMPH displaced the VMAT2 blocker tetrabenazine (Gonzalez et al., 1994)....tetrabenazine and reserpine are thought to bind to
1145:
VMAT2 is the CNS vesicular transporter for not only the biogenic amines DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT, and HIS, but likely also for the trace amines TYR, PEA, and thyronamine (THYR)... neurons in mammalian CNS would be identifiable as neurons expressing VMAT2 for storage, and the biosynthetic enzyme
1019:
As VMATs are membrane proteins, structural information is limited and researchers have yet to completely understand the structure of both isoforms. Further studies are needed in order to determine the structure and therefore complete function of these proteins. There is preliminary evidence that the
1015:
The dopaminergic neuron is known to play a central role in drug addiction and abuse and the potential role of the dopamine transporter has been well-explored as a target for amphetamine and cocaine. Current research looks toward VMAT2 as a target for such psychostimulants. A combination of imaging,
632:
structure of the transporter. The conformation occurs after the transport of one H across the membrane and into the vesicle; proton transport drives the substrate recognition site from the lumen to the cytoplasmic surface of the vesicle for RES and substrate binding. Methoxytetrabenazine (MTBZ) may
960:
and striatum of mammalian brains. This is theorized to be a defensive mechanism against the depletive effects cocaine has on cytosolic dopamine through increasing monoamine storage capacity. Chronic cocaine use has been implicated with a reduction in VMAT2 immunoreactivity as well as a decrease in
937:
Unlike methamphetamine, cocaine interacts with VMAT2 by mobilizing VMAT2-expressing vesicles, causing a shift in VMAT2 proteins from a plasmalemmal (synaptosomal) membrane fraction to a vesicle-enriched fraction that is not associated with the synaptosomal membrane and not retained in synaptosomal
436:
VMAT1 has a lower turnover number and a lower affinity for most monoamine substrates than VMAT2, which may be because of VMAT2's location in the central nervous system, which demands fast recovery from neurotransmitter release in order to prepare for subsequent releases. The uptake efficiencies of
428:
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine have a threefold higher affinity for VMAT2 than VMAT1 binding and uptake. The imidazoleamine histamine has a thirtyfold higher affinity for VMAT2 compared to VMAT1, and is thought to bind to a different site than other monoamines. Unlike catecholamines and
405:
residue in TMD II have highly conserved gene sequences, suggesting these residues play a critical role in transporter structure and function. Specifically, the residues Lys139 and Asp427 are thought to compose an ion pair that promotes high-affinity interaction with VMAT substrates and inhibitors.
808:
Studies indicate VMAT2 mRNA is present in all cell groups damaged by Parkinson's disease (PD); these findings have identified VMAT2 as a target for preventing Parkinson's. VMAT2 presence does not independently protect neurons from PD, but a decrease in VMAT2 expression has been shown to correlate
568:
Two known binding sites for VMAT inhibitors include the RES binding site and the TBZ binding site. Some evidence suggests these two sites may overlap or exist as two separate conformations of the same binding site. VMAT inhibitors tend to fall into two classes: those that interact with the RES
1076:
From knockout and knockdown mice, researchers have discovered that it is good to have over-expression or under-expression of the VMAT genes in some circ*mstances. Mice are also used in drug studies, particularity studies involving the effect cocaine and methamphetamine have on VMATs. Studies
1072:
Current research related to VMAT uses VMAT2 knockout mice to explore the behavioral genetics of this transporter in an animal model. VMAT2 knockouts are known to be lethal as hom*ozygotes, but heterozygote knockouts are not lethal and are used in many studies as a durable animal model.
791:
transport in blood platelets, but not in the brain, where Gαq completely inhibits VMAT2 activity. Although the exact signalling pathway for G-protein mediated regulation of VMATs is not known, it has recently been described that implicated G-proteins act directly on the VMATs.
1016:
neurochemical, biochemical, cell biological, genetic, and immunohistochemical evidence has been compiled to provide the most current comprehensive understanding of the role the VMAT2 plays in amphetamine and cocaine abuse and addiction through aminergic neurotransmission.
393:
His419, located on the domain between TMDs X and XI of rat VMAT1, plays a role in energy coupling to the amine transport by assisting the first proton-dependent conformational change. It has been proposed that RES inhibits VMAT by interacting with this conformation.
1077:
involving animals have prompted scientists to work on developing drugs that inhibit or enhance the function of VMATs. Drugs that inhibit VMATs may have use in addiction but further studies are needed. Enhancing the function of VMATs may also have therapeutic value.
298:, and co-expressed in chromaffin cells. Expression of the two transporters in internal organs seems to differ between species: only VMAT1 is expressed in rat adrenal medulla cells, whereas VMAT2 is the major transporter in bovine adrenal medulla cells.1039:
of VMATs. The effects of some of these SNPs have been alteration of VMAT function, structure and regulation. Further investigation of these SNPs is required in order to distinguish whether they may be attributable to certain diseases with suspected
787:, and activates heterotrimeric G-proteins to inhibit VMAT2 activity in the brain, regardless of whether they are localized on small clear-core or large-dense-core vesicles. The activated heterotrimeric G-protein Gαq downregulates VMAT2-mediated1063:
and amino acid aromatic decarboxylase are physically and functionally coupled with VMAT2. It was initially thought that the synthesis of these substances and the subsequent packaging of them into vesicles were two entirely separate processes.
646:, based on studies done in bovine VMAT2. Tyr434 and asp461 are identified as being responsible for the high-affinity interaction of TBZ, serotonin, and histamine in VMAT2. Unlike methamphetamine, amphetamine binds to the TBZ site on hVMAT2.641:
TBZ and dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZOH) are believed to bind to a different binding site from the RES/substrate binding site, or to a different conformation of the RES/substrate binding site. This site is believed to be located at the
836:
Studies using a genetic rodent model to understand clinical depression in humans suggest that VMAT2 genetic or functional alterations may be involved in depression. Reduced VMAT2 levels were identified in specific subregions of the
894:
and cocaine, are known to interact with VMAT2. Studies indicate that both amphetamines and cocaine act to increase non-exocytotic release of dopamine in specific regions of the brain by interacting directly with VMAT2 function.
3337:
2298:
Tillinger A, Sollas A, Serova LI, Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL (2010). "Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) in adrenal chromaffin cells: stress-triggered induction of VMAT2 and expression in epinephrine synthesizing cells".
1001:, the genes that encode for VMAT1 and 2 proteins, respectively, may confer risk for some neuropsychiatric disorders; however, no specific diseases have been identified yet as directly resulting from a genetic mutation in an1186:
Eiden L., Schäfer M. H., etal. (2004). "The vesicular amine transporter family (SLC18) amine/proton antiporters required for vesicular accumulation and regulated exocytotic secretion of monoamines and acetylcholine".
373:
Vesicle packing requires a large energy source to store large quantities of neurotransmitters into a small vesicular space at high concentrations. VMAT transport relies on the pH and electrochemical gradient generated by a
357:
VMATs function by loading monoamines—dopamine, serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine—into transport vesicles. VMATs use the same transport mechanism for all types of monoamines, and transport them from the
2237:
Lohoff FW, Weller AE, Bloch PJ, Buono RJ, Doyle GA, Ferraro TN, Berrettini WH (2008). "Association between Polymorphisms in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1 Gene (VMAT1/SLC18A1) on Chromosome 8p and Schizophrenia".
924:
demonstrated that methamphetamine treatment decreases DHTBZ binding and vesicular dopamine uptake. Another study demonstrated that multiple high doses of methamphetamine removed DTBZ binding sites from the vesicles.
155:, and other neurological disorders. Many drugs that target VMATs act as inhibitors and alter the kinetics of the protein. Much research regarding the effects of altered VMATs on biological systems is still ongoing.613:(MPD, also known as Ritalin and Concerta) are believed to interact with VMAT2 to cause a shift in VMAT2 "from a plasmalemmal membrane-associated fraction to a vesicle-enriched, nonmembrane-associated fraction."366:, where they convey a chemical message to the next neuron. VMATs also function in sorting, storing, and releasing neurotransmitters, and are believed to participate in protecting these neurotransmitters from633:
bind to the RES binding site, based on studies indicating that RES significantly inhibited MTBZ-binding. Amiodarone is also believed to inhibit monoamine vesicular uptake by binding to the RES binding site.
782:
Specific heterotrimeric G-protein type regulation is tissue-dependent for VMAT2; it is not known whether this is the case for VMAT1. Heterotrimeric G-protein Gαo2 decreases VMAT1 activity in pancreatic and
2288:
Remin, R., Schuldiner, S., 2003. Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Molecular Analysis. Neurotransmitter Transporters; Structure, Function, and Regulation, pp.313-354
753:
Over-expression of VMAT2 results in increased secretion of neurotransmitter upon cell stimulation. Data suggests that deletion of the VMAT2 genes does not affect the size of small clear-core vesicles.
587:
Inhibitor affinity varies among VMAT isoforms. RES and KET have higher inhibitory affinity for VMAT2–mediated 5HT transport than for that of VMAT1; TBZ seems to inhibit VMAT2 exclusively.
378:. The current model of VMAT function proposes that the efflux of two protons (H) against the H gradient is coupled with influx of one monoamine. The first H efflux generates a transporter910:
Methamphetamine alters the subcellular location of VMAT2, which affects the distribution of dopamine in the cell. Treatment with methamphetamine relocates VMAT2 from a vesicle-enriched
800:
VMAT2 has been shown to contribute to many clinical neurological disorders including drug addiction, mood disorders, and stress, as well as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
3034:
2898:
3372:
1028:, and various anxiety disorders. Further studies are needed in order to confirm these findings and to gain a better understanding of the role of VMATs in the central nervous system.903:
VMAT is a main target of methamphetamine. Studies indicate that substituted amphetamines including methamphetamine interact with VMAT2 at the TBZ/DTBZOH binding site. By acting as a
406:
The Asp431 residue located in TMD XI is believed to be critical for amine transport, but does not interact with RES binding; it is thought to complete the substrate transport cycle.
2383:
Villemagne VL, Okamura N, Pejoska S, Drago J, Mulligan RS, Chetelat G, Ackermann U, O'Keefe G, Jones G, Gong S, Tochon-Danguy H, Kung HF, Masters CL, Skovronsky DM, Rowe CC (2011).
5397:
694:
The highest amount of genetic variance between VMAT1 and VMAT2 exists near the N- and C- terminals in the cytosolic phase, and in the glycosylated loop between TMDs I and II.
1621:
Liu Y, Peter D, Rogahani A, Schuldiner S, Prive GG, Eisenberg D, Brecha N, Edwards RH (1992). "A cDNA that suppresses MPP1 toxicity encodes a vesicular amine transporter".
2342:
Okamura N, Villemagne VL, Drago J, Pejoska S, Dhamija RK, Mulligan RS, Ellis JR, Ackermann U, O'Keefe G, Jones G, Kung HF, Pontecorvo MJ, Skovronsky D, Rowe CC (2010).
470:
More specifically, inhibition of VMAT2 may cause an increase in cytosolic catecholamine levels, which can result in an increase in efflux of catecholamines through the
972:
MDMA is known to affect serotonergic neurons, but has been shown to inhibit synaptosomal and vesicular uptake of serotonin and dopamine to roughly the same extent
1770:"Charged residues in transmembrane domains II and XI of a vesicular monoamine transporter form a charge pair that promotes high affinity substrate recognition"1752:
Shirvan A, Laskar O, Steiner-Mordoch S, Schuldiner S. (1994). "Histidine-419 plays a role in energy coupling in the vesicular monoamine transporter from rat."
2670:
Sager, J.J. & Torres, G.E., 2011. Proteins interacting with monoamine transporters: Current state and future challenges. Biochemistry, Available at: <
964:
Research suggests a decline in VMAT2 protein through prolonged cocaine use could play an important role in the development of cocaine-induced mood disorders.
2158:
Darchen F, Scherman D, Henry JP (1989). "Reserpine binding to chromaffin granules suggests the existence of two conformations of the monoamine transporter".
1481:
Regulation of vesicular monoamine and glutamate transporters by vesicle-associated trimeric G-proteins: new jobs for long-known signal transduction molecules
649:
Unlike RES inhibition, TBZ inhibition is only affected by very high concentrations of monoamines; however, single injections of RES can inhibit TBZ binding.
7018:
3027:
2891:
1522:"The vesicular monoamine content regulates VMAT2 activity through Galphaq in mouse platelets. Evidence for autoregulation of vesicular transmitter uptake"3362:
215:
recognized the need to understand how transport systems and ion gradients work in different organisms in order to explore new treatment options such as
3367:
949:-dependent reserve pool of dopamine-containing synaptic vesicles, which interacts with the vesicular trafficking cycle to increase dopamine release.421:, with an estimated rate of 5–20/sec depending on the substrate. Vesicle filling may limit monoamine release from neurons with high rates of firing.64:
51:
7555:
5390:
5360:
7344:
1898:"Distinct pharmacological properties and distribution in neurons and endocrine cells of two isoforms of the human vesicular monoamine transporter"621:
Consistent with catecholamine-binding affinity, RES has a threefold higher affinity for VMAT2 than for VMAT1. The RES binding site is known to be
334:
The monoamine is released inside the vesicle and the two hydrogen atoms are released into the cytosol and the transport process starts over again.
3357:
877:
VMAT inhibitors tend to fall into two classes; those that interact with the RES binding site and those that interact with the TBZ binding site.
7595:
7539:
3020:
2884:
816:
Based on the understanding the increased cytosolic dopamine levels lead to dopaminergic cell death in PD, it has been proposed that regulatory
143:
Pharmaceutical drugs that target VMATs have possible applications for many conditions, leading to a plethora of biological research, including
2989:
1496:
1167:
2559:
Schwartz K, Yadid G, Weizman A, Rehavi M (2003). "Decreased limbic vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in a genetic rat model of depression".
7163:
6455:
5803:
1052:
in order to gather more information about the exact mechanism of how disorders such as PD occurs, and how they may potentially be treated.
1008:
Much of the current research related to VMAT explores the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric disorders as they may be affected by
710:. Studies suggest the acidic residues in the dileucine motif sort VMAT2 away from constitutive secretory vesicles and into the regulated7605:
6369:
5681:
5383:
5344:
2943:
917:
Repeated amphetamine exposure may increase VMAT2 mRNA in certain brain regions with little or no decline upon withdrawal from the drug.
500:(PD) in rodents. This suggests a protective role of VMATs against oxidative stress through removal of such substances from the cytosol.7173:
6480:
5823:
3710:
677:
refers to the material or tissue between cells in which more specialized structures are embedded. Two of the glycosylation sites, the
629:
7218:
2996:
2948:
2936:
2931:
2041:
382:
associated with a high-affinity amine-binding site in the cytosolic phase, and the second H efflux is coupled with a second large
7178:
6485:
5828:
5159:
7349:
6870:
6115:
670:
551:
125:
1852:"The chromaffin granule and synaptic vesicle amine transporters differ in substrate recognition and sensitivity to inhibitors"7559:
7454:
7314:
7158:
6721:
6690:
6465:
5984:
5958:
5813:
5364:
2070:
Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR (2007). "New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines".
1032:
2108:
Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A (April 2005). "Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review".
1995:"Psychostimulant-induced alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function: Neurotoxic and therapeutic implications"415:
2512:"Gain-of-function haplotypes in the vesicular monoamine transporter promoter are protective for Parkinson disease in women"980:
studies indicate short-term MDMA exposure causes short-term reduction in VMAT2 activity, which is reversed after 24 hours.
869:
drugs are known to interact with VMAT, including amphetamine analogs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and ecstasy (MDMA).
7203:
7153:
7148:
6865:
6460:
5808:
4420:
1811:"Modification of the pH profile and tetrabenazine sensitivity of rat VMAT1 by replacement of aspartate 404 with glutamate"2876:
318:
The conformational change induced by the hydrogen atom binding enables the monoamine binding to the active transport site
239:. VMAT1 is expressed mainly in large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) of the peripheral nervous system. VMAT1 may be found in7585:
7535:
7329:
7319:
7299:
7258:
7233:
7183:
7093:
6700:
6695:
6490:
5968:
5963:
5833:
5340:
3062:
3043:
2911:
820:
in VMAT2 affect VMAT2 quantitative expression, and may serve as a genetic risk factor for PD. Specifically, the SLC18A2
590:
The residues asp33 and ser180, 181, and 182 are believed to be involved in substrate recognition, and interact with the
2193:
Liu Y, Edwards RH (1997). "The role of vesicular transport proteins in synaptic transmission and neural degeneration".
7339:
7334:
7309:
7263:
6973:
6705:
6685:
6309:
6237:
5606:
5536:
4704:
3980:
220:
362:
into high-concentration storage vesicles. Transport vesicles are released into the space between neurons, called the
6890:
6840:
3699:
3211:
2979:
2907:
437:
each VMAT substrate can be ranked in order of efficiency as: serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
275:
2687:
779:, which are thought to be possessed by chromaffin granules, and have shown to regulate small clear-core vesicles.56:
6304:
5601:
5414:
5406:
2385:"In vivo assessment of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease"776:
370:. The transporters are also known to continue biochemical modification after loading certain neurotransmitters.7610:
7600:
7459:
7289:
7088:
6811:
6364:
6084:
5661:
2691:
891:
757:
628:
The current working model proposes that RES and the substrate bind to a single site in a pH-gradient modulated
379:
133:
5200:
2344:"In vivo measurement of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 density in Parkinson disease with (18)F-AV-133"584:
bind to the TBZ binding site. Amphetamine, methamphetamine and GZ-7931 are also known to interact with VMAT2.
5195:
625:, which is thought to contribute to ligand binding affinity. Methamphetamine binds to the RES site on VMATs.7580:
7375:
7253:
7068:
7028:
6993:
6983:
6257:
6247:
5556:
5546:
5177:
7551:
7547:
7400:
7304:
7268:
7243:
6680:
6565:
5953:
5861:
5356:
5352:
5255:
4759:
4035:
3465:
3418:
2794:
904:
846:
817:
739:
727:
678:
497:
271:
248:
152:
386:
that leads to amine transport from the cytosolic side into the vesicle, reducing amine-binding affinity.
310:
A Hydrogen atom from the inside of the vesicle binds, inducing a conformational change in the transporter
7395:
7238:
6557:
6515:
5853:
5771:
4477:
4409:
3883:
3185:
2984:
2969:
706:
are believed to be encoded in the C-terminus. A dileucine motif in the C-terminus is required for VMAT2
383:
347:
7615:
7543:
7248:
7223:
7083:
7038:
6988:
6603:
6547:
6429:
6359:
6074:
5869:
5731:
5656:
5348:
5220:
4749:
4293:
4025:
3455:
3434:
3051:
2974:
2505:
2503:
2424:
Salin A, Savli M, Lanzenberger R (2011). "Serotonin and molecular neuroimaging in humans using PET".
1909:
1110:
1099:"VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse"1060:
810:
577:
351:
2799:
1367:"Biochemistry and molecular biology of the vesicular monoamine transporter from chromaffin granules"7390:
7128:
6978:
6820:
6598:
6520:
6354:
6252:
6242:
6165:
6099:
5776:
5666:
5551:
5541:
5464:
5034:
4879:
4744:
4472:
4452:
4329:
4155:
4020:
3675:
3450:
2472:
Miller GW, Gainetdinov RR, Levey AI, Caron MG (1999). "Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury".
1958:
Miller GW, Gainetdinov RR, Levey AI, Caron MG (1999). "Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury".
821:
703:
390:
240:
204:
1716:"Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters as targets for endogenous and exogenous toxic substances"7590:
7405:
6741:
6736:
6232:
5999:
5531:
5119:
3145:
2822:
2584:
2449:
2324:
2271:
2133:
1646:
1212:
911:
208:
7477:
5317:
4859:
4854:
4135:
4130:
3949:
496:(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), the latter being a substance causally linked to17:
542:-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) (very potent inhibitors of VMAT2 mediated serotonin transport)326:
A second hydrogen atom binds from inside the vesicle to the transporter inducing another change
6616:
6440:
6287:
5902:
5736:
5585:
5110:
4638:
3848:
3555:
3130:
2865:
2814:
2769:
2726:
2648:
2576:
2541:
2489:
2441:
2406:
2365:
2316:
2263:
2255:
2210:
2175:
2125:
2087:
2083:
2024:
1975:
1937:
1873:
1832:
1791:
1735:
1731:
1638:
1603:
1543:
1502:
1492:
1450:
1388:
1344:
1204:
1163:
1136:
957:
842:
711:
89:
31:
5235:
4976:
2836:"Vesicular Monoamine Transporters: Structure-Function, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry"1315:"Vesicular monoamine transporters: structure-function, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry"945:
of VMAT2 for dopamine and increase the number of DTBZ binding sites. It has also mobilized a
941:
In addition to mobilizing VMAT2-expressing vesicles, cocaine has been shown to increase the V
907:, methamphetamine blocks the presynaptic cell's ability to use VMAT for vesicular packaging.7294:
7138:
7048:
6937:
6801:
6675:
6588:
6445:
6181:
6069:
5948:
5892:
5741:
5480:
5215:
5070:
4442:
3838:
3535:
3475:
3292:
3206:
3001:
2855:
2847:
2804:
2759:
2751:
2718:
2638:
2630:
2568:
2531:
2523:
2481:
2433:
2396:
2355:
2308:
2247:
2202:
2167:
2117:
2079:
2014:
2006:
1967:
1927:
1917:
1863:
1822:
1781:
1727:
1630:
1593:
1585:
1574:"Vesicular monoamine transporters: structure-function, pharmacology and medicinal chemistry"1533:
1484:
1440:
1432:
1378:
1334:
1326:
1196:
1126:
1118:
1048:
1025:
887:
850:
824:
for the VMAT2 gene has been identified as an area where several polymorphisms form discrete
743:
674:
524:
475:
129:
93:
7228:
7073:
6816:
6731:
6621:
6510:
6292:
6155:
6094:
6089:
5994:
5907:
5766:
5590:
5454:
5185:
5060:
5002:
4990:
4658:
4297:
3929:
3863:
3277:
3165:
3140:
866:
784:
761:
731:
610:
440:
433:
serotonin binds to VMAT1 and VMAT2 with a similar affinity for both transporter isoforms.
263:
252:
244:
1913:
1114:
7063:
6826:
6756:
6578:
6475:
6389:
6024:
5882:
5761:
5691:
5014:
4998:
4994:
4920:
4643:
4309:
4301:
3914:
3680:
3403:
3155:
2860:
2835:
2764:
2739:
2643:
2618:
2536:
2511:
2019:
1994:
1598:
1573:
1445:
1420:
1339:
1314:
1131:
1098:
938:
preparations. Methylphenidate is believed to interact with VMAT2 in a similar fashion.
363:
212:
148:
113:
2722:
2572:
2485:
1971:
1868:
1851:
7574:
6796:
6786:
6726:
6649:
6527:
6505:
6314:
6160:
6064:
6054:
5989:
5922:
5783:
5616:
5459:
5270:
5054:
5050:
5020:
4986:
4960:
4950:
4905:
4869:
4729:
4673:
4512:
4374:
4354:
4337:
4315:
4236:
4231:
4181:
4145:
4005:
3944:
3670:
3287:
3282:
3190:
3175:
3135:
2010:
1932:
1897:
1634:
1436:
1122:
1036:
1021:
854:
747:
666:
518:
471:
425:
398:
267:
256:
164:
2826:
2588:
2453:
2328:
2275:
2121:
1216:
322:
7514:
7426:
7370:
7365:
7113:
7013:
7003:
6968:
6771:
6751:
6654:
6399:
6394:
6379:
6299:
6272:
6140:
6135:
6039:
6019:
5927:
5701:
5696:
5676:
5596:
5571:
5439:
5434:
5205:
5100:
5090:
4915:
4910:
4754:
4724:
4612:
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4360:
4272:
4241:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4030:
4000:
3888:
3797:
3757:
3660:
3580:
3470:
3460:
3272:
3267:
3252:
3247:
3226:
2206:
2137:
1650:
768:
545:
508:
481:
463:
The effects of VMAT inhibition have been studied in-depth in animal models. Mutant
367:
339:
330:
188:
144:
314:
2740:"SLC18: Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters for monoamines and acetylcholine"2671:
2619:"SLC18: Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters for monoamines and acetylcholine"7509:
7494:
7324:
7208:
7118:
7058:
6766:
6611:
6593:
6409:
6404:
6349:
6344:
6282:
6277:
6216:
6196:
6034:
5897:
5793:
5711:
5706:
5646:
5641:
5581:
5576:
5515:
5495:
5275:
5265:
5210:
5181:
5131:
5075:
5028:
5010:
4945:
4925:
4874:
4864:
4839:
4799:
4794:
4739:
4709:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4628:
4567:
4547:
4537:
4517:
4497:
4457:
4447:
4394:
4323:
4305:
4277:
4262:
4221:
4201:
4150:
4140:
4115:
4075:
4070:
4015:
3985:
3964:
3954:
3939:
3904:
3868:
3833:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3685:
3665:
3655:
3630:
3610:
3540:
3515:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3445:
3440:
3398:
3393:
3342:
3150:
3012:
2401:
2384:
707:
622:
591:
529:
489:
430:
306:
184:
117:
7484:
7410:
7193:
7188:
7143:
7133:
7123:
7033:
7023:
6952:
6947:
6781:
6776:
6761:
6630:
6626:
6583:
6552:
6532:
6500:
6450:
6419:
6324:
6319:
6267:
6262:
6206:
6201:
6191:
6049:
6044:
6029:
6014:
5887:
5877:
5848:
5788:
5756:
5746:
5721:
5651:
5621:
5611:
5566:
5561:
5505:
5500:
5490:
5324:
5280:
5245:
5172:
5135:
5095:
5065:
5042:
5006:
4955:
4940:
4824:
4809:
4779:
4769:
4764:
4719:
4714:
4653:
4648:
4633:
4607:
4577:
4572:
4557:
4552:
4527:
4522:
4492:
4487:
4467:
4462:
4386:
4365:
4348:
4343:
4226:
4216:
4100:
4085:
4055:
4045:
4040:
3995:
3990:
3924:
3919:
3878:
3858:
3843:
3818:
3802:
3777:
3772:
3650:
3640:
3625:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3530:
3520:
3505:
3500:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3221:
3114:
3109:
2755:
2634:
2437:
2360:
2343:
2312:
1200:
685:
650:
643:
573:
512:
464:
424:
Specific amine-binding affinity varies by VMAT isoform; studies indicate that
279:
168:
5375:
1827:
1810:
1488:
467:
VMAT(-/-) mice move little, feed poorly, and die within a few days of birth.
132:
into synapses, as chemical messages to postsynaptic neurons. VMATs utilize a
7504:
7499:
7472:
7431:
7385:
7380:
7198:
6911:
6806:
6791:
6537:
6495:
6424:
6374:
6339:
6079:
6059:
5838:
5751:
5726:
5671:
5636:
5312:
5260:
5230:
5225:
5145:
5127:
5123:
5080:
5038:
4981:
4930:
4849:
4819:
4683:
4602:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4507:
4502:
4382:
4378:
4267:
4257:
4206:
4125:
4095:
3959:
3909:
3828:
3823:
3792:
3787:
3747:
3645:
3635:
3600:
3525:
3495:
3428:
3388:
3352:
3257:
3242:
3216:
3180:
3170:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
1922:
825:
809:
with susceptibility to the disease, which may be due to a ratio between the
788:
291:
285:
216:
180:
176:
121:
109:
101:
2869:
2818:
2773:
2652:
2580:
2545:
2493:
2445:
2410:
2369:
2320:
2267:
2129:
2091:
2028:
1979:
1786:
1769:
1739:
1607:
1547:
1538:
1521:
1506:
1454:
1348:
1208:
1140:
42:
4565:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:
2809:
2782:
2730:
2259:
2214:
2179:
1941:
1877:
1836:
1795:
1642:
1392:
1383:
1366:
7519:
7284:
7108:
7103:
7053:
7043:
6942:
6670:
6644:
6639:
6573:
6542:
6414:
6384:
6329:
6211:
6186:
6150:
6145:
5943:
5917:
5912:
5843:
5716:
5686:
5626:
5510:
5485:
5449:
5444:
5299:
5250:
5240:
5139:
5085:
5046:
5024:
4814:
4804:
4597:
4390:
4333:
4319:
4090:
4080:
3782:
3767:
3732:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3545:
3347:
2527:
1483:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol.175. pp.305–25.1041:
946:
838:
654:
599:
595:
581:
375:
295:
172:
137:
105:
2171:
880:
RES, methoxytetrabenazine, and amiodarone bind to the RES binding site.
6334:
5631:
5105:
4935:
4888:
4884:
4834:
4829:
4784:
4774:
4734:
4663:
4542:
4211:
4164:
4160:
4110:
4105:
4060:
4050:
4010:
3934:
3853:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3565:
3510:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3262:
3160:
3084:
2953:
953:
448:
359:
97:
2851:
2251:
1589:
1330:
576:
bind to the RES binding site. TBZ (also called Nitoman and Xenazine),
7008:
6998:
6434:
6004:
5115:
4844:
4789:
4532:
4370:
4120:
4065:
3873:
3620:
3297:
1056:
914:
to a location that is not continuous with synaptosomal preparations.
603:
485:
402:
883:
TBZ, DTBZOH, ketanserin, and lobeline bind to the TBZ binding site.
1715:
192:
7213:
7078:
6921:
6906:
6880:
6860:
6746:
6009:
5798:
772:
329:
321:
313:
305:
236:
232:
30:"VMAT" redirects here. For Volumetric modulated arc therapy, see7168:
7098:
6916:
6885:
6875:
6470:
5818:
5189:
1663:
Purves, Dale, et al. Neuroscience. Sinauer Associates. 087893646
765:
723:
569:
binding site and those that interact with the TBZ binding site.
534:
493:
32:
Radiation therapy §Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)
5379:
3016:
2880:
515:(KET) (potent inhibitors of VMAT2 mediated serotonin transport)474:, depleting catecholamine concentrations and causing increased2510:
Glatt CE, Wahner AD, White DJ, Ruiz-Linares A, Ritz B (2006).
1896:
Erickson JD, Schafer MK, Bonner TI, Eiden LE, Weihe E (1996).
726:, the individual genetic sequences demonstrate high hom*ology.343:
36:
734:
may pose genetic risk factors for PD. A specific VMAT1 gene (
673:
on a loop between TMD I and TMD II. In biology, the vesicle
2783:"Chemical neuroanatomy of the vesicular amine transporters"2709:
radiotracers for vesicular neurotransmitter transporters".
2042:
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2#Binding sites and ligands
722:
Although both VMAT1 and VMAT2 are encoded by two different
3711:
993:
Genetic research models have shown that polymorphisms in
5160:
1421:"Trafficking of vesicular neurotransmitter transporters"6116:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
691:, are located in the cytosolic portion of the vesicle.552:
Non-hydrolysable GTP-analogue guanylyllimidodiphosphate
4702:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
3978:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
775:, and vesicular transport inactivation facilitated by401:
in the middle region of TMDs I, VI, X, and XI and one
4421:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2103:
2101:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
3063:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
7444:
6839:
6114:
5413:
5289:
5158:
4408:
3698:
3050:
2962:
2919:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1809:Steiner-Mordoch S, Shirvan A, Schuldiner S (1996).1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1360:
1358:
397:VMAT gene sequence analysis demonstrates that four6841:
3700:
2143:different sites on VMAT (Schuldiner et al., 1993a)1055:Studies have shown that at the synaptic membrane,1020:gene for VMAT1 may be linked to susceptibility to231:There are two types of VMATs expressed in humans:5415:
1953:
1951:
1162:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p.167.1047:α-synuclein, a cytosolic protein found mainly in730:in VMAT2 that affect regulation and quantitative2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1181:
1179:
657:also bind to the TBZ binding site conformation.140:in vesicle membranes to power monoamine import.841:involved in clinical depression, including the572:RES, methoxytetrabenazine (MTBZ), and the drug2672:http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ipdf/10.1021/bi200405c1520:Höltje M., Winter S., etal. (May 2003).661:Glycosylation sites: N- and C-linked terminals5391:
4626:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:4410:
3902:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:3730:Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:3028:
2892:
760:, post-transcriptional modifications such as718:Genetic expression and transporter regulation8:
3816:Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:3052:
1993:Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Hanson GR (2009).1365:Henry J. P., Botton D., etal. (1994).342:with a molecular weight of approximately 701763:
1761:
1059:responsible for the synthesis of dopamine,746:8p21.3 that has been strongly connected to251:granules, which are primarily found in the163:Monoamines transported by VMATs are mainly6850:
6125:
5424:
5398:
5384:
5376:
4432:
3722:
3716:Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors3074:
3035:
3021:
3013:
2899:
2885:
2877:
2153:
2151:
1768:Merickel A, Kaback HR, Edwards RH (1997).1714:Chaudhry FA, Edwards RH, Fonnum F (2007).2859:
2808:
2798:
2763:
2690:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine2642:
2535:
2400:
2359:
2084:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.1051402018:
1931:
1921:
1867:
1826:
1785:
1732:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.1411461597:
1537:
1479:Brunk I., Höltje B., etal. (2006).1444:
1419:Fei H., Grygoruk A., etal. (2008).1382:
1338:
1146:aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).1130:
1092:
1090:
580:(DTBZOH), ketanserin (KET), and the drug5165:Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters4440:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:2666:
2664:
2662:
564:Ligand-binding affinities and structures67:of all important aspects of the article.6121:Tooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents1086:
2688:Vesicular+Monoamine+Transport+Proteins63:Please consider expanding the lead to4426:Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1005:gene, which codes for VMAT proteins.756:VMATs may be regulated by changes in698:C-terminus and VMAT trafficking cycle389:Studies indicate that the amino acid7:
3068:Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors2227:Erickson, Eiden, & Hoffman, 1992702:Several motifs involved in the VMAT478:and oxidative damage to the neuron.1035:(SNPs) have been identified in the6846:Tooltip Serotonin releasing agents4760:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)4036:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)3705:Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter3466:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)1960:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences1097:Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011).25:
5420:Tooltip Dopamine releasing agents3278:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)2997:Excitatory amino-acid transporter203:VMAT research began in 1958 when92:integrated into the membranes of4750:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)4026:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)3456:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)2011:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.0021437:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00771.x1123:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x211:. In the 1970s, scientists like41:
18:Vesicular monoamine transporters7556:Monoamine metabolism modulators5361:Monoamine metabolism modulators2122:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.0031526:Journal of Biological Chemistry1033:single-nucleotide polymorphisms956:increases VMAT2 density in the187:. Exogenous substrates include86:vesicular monoamine transporter55:may be too short to adequately2207:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.125920:A study performed by Sonsalla682:-linked glycosylation terminal65:provide an accessible overview1:
7596:Neurotransmitter transporters7540:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors7536:Receptor/signaling modulators7452:Monoamine activity enhancers:5341:Receptor/signaling modulators4415:Tooltip Serotonin transporter3044:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors2912:neurotransmitter transporters2744:Molecular Aspects of Medicine2723:10.1016/S0969-8051(97)00101-72623:Molecular Aspects of Medicine2573:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04167-72486:10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01379-61972:10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01379-61869:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37272-11850:Peter D, etal. (1994).1720:Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol7492:Adrenergic release blockers:4255:Tetracyclic antidepressants:3057:Tooltip Dopamine transporter2738:Lawal HO, Krantz DE (2013).2617:Lawal HO, Krantz DE (2013).1635:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90425-c845:shell but not the core, the488:display hypersensitivity to414:VMATs have a relatively low104:neurotransmitters – such as27:Family of transport proteins4705:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine3981:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine2402:10.1001/archneurol.2011.142338:VMAT1 and VMAT2 are acidic7634:
7606:Integral membrane proteins5407:Monoamine releasing agents5345:Monoamine releasing agents4903:Tricyclic antidepressants:4179:Tricyclic antidepressants:3248:Benzatropine (benztropine)2908:Membrane transport protein2840:Medicinal Research Reviews2781:Weihe E, Eiden LE (2000).2072:Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol1902:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA1578:Medicinal Research Reviews961:DTBZOH binding in humans.276:sympathetic nervous system29:
7528:
7419:
7358:
7277:
6961:
6930:
6899:
6853:
6714:
6663:
6225:
6174:
6128:
5977:
5936:
5524:
5473:
5427:
5333:
4969:
4898:
4697:
4621:
4435:
4286:
4250:
4174:
3973:
3897:
3811:
3725:
3381:
3235:
3199:
3123:
3077:
2756:10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.0052635:10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.0052438:10.1007/s00726-011-1078-92361:10.2967/jnumed.109.0700942313:10.1007/s10571-010-9575-z1754:FEBS Lett',' 356:145–150.1201:10.1007/s00424-003-1100-5777:heterotrimeric G-proteins738:) has several associated521:(TBZ) (specific to VMAT2)503:VMAT inhibitors include:455:reversibly in rat brain.151:, psychiatric disorders,6812:Phthalimidopropiophenone6085:Phthalimidopropiophenone4629:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)3905:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)2692:Medical Subject Headings1828:10.1074/jbc.271.22.130481489:10.1007/3-540-29784-7_15892:substituted amphetamines5007:mepyramine (pyrilamine)2944:Vesicular acetylcholine2834:Wimalasena, K. (2011).1923:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5166952:Short-term exposure to803:
559:Binding site structures554:GMP-P(NH)P (VMAT2 only)5281:Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)5128:pethidine (meperidine)4383:pethidine (meperidine)3171:Pethidine (meperidine)1787:10.1074/jbc.272.9.54031539:10.1074/jbc.M212816200905:competitive antagonist847:ventral tegmental area399:aspartic acid residues348:transmembrane proteins335:
327:
319:
311:
302:Structure and function272:central nervous system7560:Monoamine neurotoxins7169:MDMA (midomafetamine)6516:Dextromethamphetamine6471:MDMA (midomafetamine)5819:MDMA (midomafetamine)5772:Dextromethamphetamine5365:Monoamine neurotoxins4931:Dosulepin (dothiepin)4478:Didesmethylcitalopram4207:Dosulepin (dothiepin)3884:Serdexmethylphenidate3186:Serdexmethylphenidate2810:10.1096/fj.00-0202rev2705:Kilbourn MR (1997). "1572:Wimalasena K (2010).1384:10.1242/jeb.196.1.2511313:Wimalasena K (2011).796:Clinical significance785:adrenal medulla cells384:conformational change352:transmembrane domains333:
325:
317:
309:
284:and cells containing274:, such as the brain,6548:Naphthylaminopropane6430:4-Hydroxyamphetamine6075:Naphthylaminopropane5732:4-Hydroxyamphetamine5256:Methoxytetrabenazine5221:Dihydrotetrabenazine5035:Arylcyclohexylamines4330:Arylcyclohexylamines3481:Dizocilpine (MK-801)3435:Chaenomeles speciosa3136:Benocyclidine (BTCP)2005:(Suppl 1): 133–138.1158:Rang, H. P. (2003).1103:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci1061:tyrosine hydroxylase811:dopamine transporter578:dihydrotetrabenazine548:(specific to VMAT1 )346:. Both isoforms are241:neuroendocrine cells128:, which release the7586:Signal transduction7154:MDA (tenamfetamine)6821:Levopropylhexedrine6599:Phenylpropanolamine6521:Levomethamphetamine6461:MDA (tenamfetamine)6355:Dimethylamphetamine6166:Pseudophenmetrazine6100:Levopropylhexedrine5809:MDA (tenamfetamine)5777:Levomethamphetamine5667:Dimethylamphetamine5465:Pseudophenmetrazine4880:Threohydrobupropion4745:Desmethylsertraline4473:Desmethylcitalopram4156:Threohydrobupropion4021:Desmethylsertraline3676:Threohydrobupropion3451:Desmethylsertraline2949:Vesicular glutamate2927:Vesicular monoamine2195:Annu. Rev. Neurosci2172:10.1021/bi00430a0401914:1996PNAS...93.5166E1821:(22): 13048–13054.1532:(18): 15850–15858.1115:2011NYASA1216...86E804:Parkinson's disease667:glycosylation sites498:Parkinson's disease290:It is prevalent in268:monoaminergic cells153:Parkinson's disease98:presynaptic neurons5120:dextropropoxyphene3146:Dexmethylphenidate2528:10.1093/hmg/ddi4452301:Cell Mol Neurobiol2240:Neuropsychobiology1012:family mutations.376:vesicular H-ATPase336:
328:
320:
312:
209:secretory vesicles7568:
7567:
7563:
7440:
7439:
6835:
6834:
6617:Propylamphetamine6441:Iofetamine (123I)6288:Dextroamphetamine6110:
6109:
5903:Propylamphetamine5737:Iofetamine (123I)5586:Dextroamphetamine5373:
5372:
5368:
5154:
5153:
4429:
4404:
4403:
3849:Levophacetoperane3719:
3694:
3693:
3556:Levophacetoperane3131:4-Fluoropethidine3071:
3010:
3009:
2852:10.1002/med.201872252:10.1159/0001296681999:Neuropharmacology1908:(10): 5166–5171.1862:(10): 7231–7237.1590:10.1002/med.201871498:978-3-540-29783-31331:10.1002/med.201871169:978-0-443-07145-4989:Clinical research958:prefrontal cortex843:nucleus accumbens712:secretory pathway704:trafficking cycle507:Reserpine (RES),130:neurotransmitters94:synaptic vesicles90:transport protein82:
81:
16:(Redirected from7623:
7530:
7482:Antagonist-like:7139:Levofenfluramine7049:Chlorphentermine6966:Phenethylamines:6938:4-Methylaminorex6851:
6847:
6843:
6802:Methylhexanamine6633:
6589:Phenpromethamine6446:Lisdexamfetamine6230:Phenethylamines:6126:
6122:
6118:
6070:Methylhexanamine5893:Phenpromethamine5742:Lisdexamfetamine5529:Phenethylamines:5425:
5421:
5417:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5377:
5335:
5322:Antagonist-like:5216:Deutetrabenazine5166:
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5106:MIN-117 (WF-516)5071:Dextromethorphan4443:6-Nitroquipazine4433:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4412:
3839:Hydroxybupropion3723:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3596:MIN-117 (WF-516)3536:Hydroxybupropion3476:Diphenylpyraline3207:Diphenylprolinol3075:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3002:GABA transporter2901:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2830:
2812:
2802:
2777:
2767:
2750:(2–3): 360–372.2734:
2675:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2629:(2–3): 360–372.2614:
2593:
2592:
2567:(1–2): 174–179.2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2307:(8): 1459–1465.2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2190:
2184:
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2166:(4): 1692–1697.2155:
2146:
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2105:
2096:
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2067:
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2039:
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1984:
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1925:
1893:
1882:
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1871:
1847:
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1806:
1800:
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1789:
1780:(9): 5403–5408.1765:
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1750:
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1661:
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1654:
1618:
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1448:
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1397:
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1362:
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1352:
1342:
1310:
1221:
1220:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1094:
1026:bipolar disorder984:Current research888:psychostimulants851:substantia nigra750:susceptibility.689:-linked terminal671:vesicular matrix637:TBZ binding site617:RES binding site594:amino group and525:Phenylethylamine476:oxidative stress441:Methamphetamines289:
266:in a variety of249:enterochromaffin205:Nils-Åke Hillarp100:. It transports77:
74:
68:
45:
37:
21:
7633:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7611:VMAT inhibitors7601:Biogenic amines7571:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7524:
7467:DAT modulators:7436:
7415:
7354:
7273:
7229:Norfenfluramine7074:Dexfenfluramine6957:
6926:
6904:Aminotetralins:6895:
6845:
6831:
6817:Propylhexedrine6710:
6659:
6631:
6622:Pseudoephedrine6511:Methamphetamine6293:Levoamphetamine6221:
6170:
6156:Phendimetrazine6120:
6106:
6095:Propylhexedrine6090:Phenylbiguanide5973:
5932:
5908:Pseudoephedrine5767:Methamphetamine5591:Levoamphetamine5520:
5469:
5455:Phendimetrazine5419:
5409:
5404:
5374:
5369:
5329:
5307:DAT modulators:5285:
5186:methamphetamine5164:
5150:
5061:Cyclobenzaprine5003:diphenhydramine4991:brompheniramine4965:
4894:
4693:
4659:Levomilnacipran4617:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4400:
4298:brompheniramine4282:
4246:
4170:
3969:
3930:Levomilnacipran3893:
3864:Methylphenidate3807:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3690:
3377:
3231:
3195:
3166:Methylphenidate3141:Desoxypipradrol3119:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3011:
3006:
2958:
2915:
2905:
2833:
2800:10.1.1.334.48812793:(15): 2435–49.2780:
2737:
2711:Nucl. Med. Biol2704:
2701:
2699:Further reading2684:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2616:
2615:
2596:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2516:Hum. Mol. Genet2509:
2508:
2501:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2341:
2340:
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2297:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2110:Prog. Neurobiol2107:
2106:
2099:
2069:
2068:
2047:
2040:
2036:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1966:(10): 424–429.1957:
1956:
1949:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1767:
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1751:
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1713:
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1620:
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1356:
1312:
1311:
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1189:Pflügers Archiv1185:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1070:
1068:Animal research991:
986:
970:
944:
935:
901:
899:Methamphetamine875:
867:psychostimulant863:
834:
822:promoter region806:
798:
762:phosphorylation742:, which have a720:
700:
663:
639:
619:
611:methylphenidate566:
561:
492:, cocaine, and461:
454:
446:
429:histamine, the419:
412:
304:
296:blood platelets294:, expressed in283:
243:, particularly229:
201:
161:
134:proton gradient78:
72:
69:
62:
50:This article's46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7581:Neurochemistry7573:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
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7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
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7064:Metamfepramone7061:
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7036:
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5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5032:
5021:Antipsychotics5018:
5015:tripelennamine4999:dimenhydrinate4995:chlorphenamine4987:Antihistamines4984:
4979:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
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4316:Antipsychotics4313:
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2954:Vesicular GABA2951:
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2923:
2921:
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2875:
2874:
2846:(4): 483–519.2831:
2778:
2735:
2700:
2697:
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2683:
2682:External links2680:
2677:
2676:
2658:
2594:
2551:
2522:(2): 299–305.2499:
2459:
2432:(6): 2039–57.2416:
2395:(7): 905–912.2375:
2354:(2): 223–228.2334:
2290:
2281:
2246:(1–2): 55–60.2229:
2220:
2185:
2147:
2116:(6): 406–433.2097:
2045:
2034:
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1883:
1842:
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1757:
1745:
1665:
1656:
1629:(4): 539–551.1613:
1553:
1512:
1497:
1460:
1431:(9): 1425–36.1398:
1354:
1325:(4): 483–519.1222:
1195:(5): 636–640.1175:
1168:
1150:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1066:
990:
987:
985:
982:
969:
966:
942:
934:
931:
900:
897:
874:
871:
862:
861:Drug addiction859:
833:
832:Mood disorders830:
805:
802:
797:
794:
719:
716:
699:
696:
665:Three to four662:
659:
638:
635:
630:conformational618:
615:
596:hydroxyl group565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
549:
543:
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
460:
457:
452:
444:
426:catecholamines417:
411:
408:
364:synaptic cleft303:
300:
257:adrenal glands228:
225:
213:Arvid Carlsson200:
197:
160:
157:
149:drug addiction114:norepinephrine80:
79:
59:the key points49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7629:
7628:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7552:Serotonergics7549:
7548:Dopaminergics7545:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:Agonist-like:7468:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:Aminoindanes:6856:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6797:Isometheptene6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6787:Hexacyclonate6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Xylopropamine6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Methcathinone6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Mephentermine6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:Benzphetamine6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6161:Phenmetrazine6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:Isometheptene6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Hexacyclonate6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Xylopropamine5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:Methcathinone5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Benzphetamine5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:Phenmetrazine5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5357:Serotonergics5354:
5353:Dopaminergics5350:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:Agonist-like:5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Tetrabenazine5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5055:phencyclidine5052:
5051:methoxetamine5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4961:Protriptyline4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Nortriptyline4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Amitriptyline4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Tedatioxetine4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Centanafadine4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:N-Methyl-PPPA4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Norfluoxetine4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Centpropazine4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4424:
4413:
4407:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:desmetramadol4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4355:Ginkgo biloba4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4338:phencyclidine4335:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Protriptyline4235:
4233:
4232:Nortriptyline4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Amitriptyline4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Tedatioxetine4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Centanafadine4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:N-Methyl-PPPA3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Tedatioxetine3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
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3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Ioflupane (I)3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:Pyrrolidines:3202:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3191:Tenocyclidine3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Phencyclidine3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3116:
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3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3076:
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3049:
3045:
3038:
3033:
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3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
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2978:
2976:
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2968:
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2909:
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2897:
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2882:
2879:
2871:
2867:
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2857:
2853:
2849:
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2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
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2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
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2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
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2716:
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2708:
2703:
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2698:
2693:
2689:
2686:
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2673:
2667:
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2663:
2659:
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2650:
2645:
2640:
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2632:
2628:
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2609:
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2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
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2500:
2495:
2491:
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2479:
2475:
2468:
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2464:
2460:
2455:
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2431:
2427:
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2412:
2408:
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2398:
2394:
2390:
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2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:J. Biol. Chem1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:J. Biol. Chem1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
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1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:(4): 483–19.1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:coding region1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:schizophrenia1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
983:
981:
979:
975:
967:
965:
962:
959:
955:
950:
948:
939:
932:
930:
926:
923:
918:
915:
913:
908:
906:
898:
896:
893:
889:
884:
881:
878:
872:
870:
868:
860:
858:
856:
855:pars compacta852:
848:
844:
840:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:polymorphisms814:
812:
801:
795:
793:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
758:transcription754:
751:
749:
748:schizophrenia745:
741:
740:polymorphisms737:
733:
729:
728:Polymorphisms725:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
692:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
672:
669:exist in the668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
636:
634:
631:
626:
624:
616:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
563:
558:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
519:Tetrabenazine517:
514:
510:
506:
505:
504:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
472:cell membrane468:
466:
458:
456:
450:
442:
438:
434:
432:
427:
422:
420:
409:
407:
404:
400:
395:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:glycoproteins332:
324:
316:
308:
301:
299:
297:
293:
287:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:VMAT2 favors260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:noradrenaline158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
136:generated by135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
76:
66:
60:
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7532:
7531:
7515:Guanethidine7491:
7481:
7469:
7466:
7451:
7427:Indeloxazine7423:
7371:4-Methyl-αMT7366:4-Methyl-αET7363:Tryptamines:7362:
7282:Piperazines:7281:
7114:Fenfluramine7014:6-Methyl-MDA7004:5-Methyl-MDA6969:2-Methyl-MDA6965:
6934:
6903:
6857:
6772:Feprosidnine6752:Clofenciclan6718:
6668:Piperazines:6667:
6655:Zylofuramine6604:
6566:
6558:
6400:Fenethylline6395:Famprofazone6380:Ethcathinone6300:Amphetaminil6273:Amfepentorex6229:
6178:
6141:Fenmetramide6136:Fenbutrazate6133:Morpholines:6132:
6040:Feprosidnine6020:Clofenciclan5981:
5941:Piperazines:5940:
5928:Zylofuramine5870:
5862:
5854:
5702:Fenethylline5697:Famprofazone5677:Ethcathinone5597:Amphetaminil5572:Amfepentorex5528:
5477:
5440:Fenmetramide5435:Fenbutrazate5432:Morpholines:5431:
5337:
5336:
5321:
5309:
5306:
5296:
5206:Bietaserpine5178:Amphetamines5101:Mifepristone5091:Medifoxamine4973:
4916:Clomipramine4911:Cianopramine4902:
4755:Diclofensine4725:Brasofensine4701:
4625:
4613:Vortioxetine4564:
4483:Escitalopram4439:
4361:Indeloxazine4353:
4290:
4273:Oxaprotiline4254:
4242:Trimipramine4197:Clomipramine4192:Cianopramine4187:Butriptyline4178:
4031:Diclofensine4001:Brasofensine3977:
3901:
3889:Solriamfetol3815:
3798:Teniloxazine3758:Esreboxetine3729:
3661:Solriamfetol3581:Medifoxamine3471:Dimethocaine3461:Diclofensine3433:
3385:
3273:Difluoropine3268:Dichloropane3253:Brasofensine3239:
3227:Pyrovalerone3203:
3128:Piperidines:3127:
3082:Piperazines:3081:
2926:
2914:(TC 2.A.1.2)2843:
2839:
2790:
2786:
2747:
2743:
2717:(7): 615–9.2714:
2710:
2706:
2626:
2622:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2519:
2515:
2477:
2473:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2392:
2389:Arch. Neurol2388:
2378:
2351:
2348:J. Nucl. Med2347:
2337:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2163:
2160:Biochemistry2159:
2141:
2113:
2109:
2075:
2071:
2037:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1905:
1901:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1777:
1773:
1753:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1659:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1581:
1577:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1480:
1428:
1424:
1374:
1370:
1322:
1318:
1192:
1188:
1160:Pharmacology1159:
1153:
1144:
1109:(1): 86–98.1106:
1102:
1075:
1071:
1054:
1049:pre-synaptic1046:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
977:
973:
971:
963:
951:
940:
936:
927:
921:
919:
916:
909:
902:
890:, including885:
882:
879:
876:
873:Pharmacology864:
835:
815:
807:
799:
781:
755:
752:
735:
721:
701:
693:
686:
679:
664:
648:
640:
627:
620:
609:Cocaine and608:
589:
586:
571:
567:
546:Fenfluramine539:
509:bietaserpine502:
482:Heterozygous480:
469:
462:
439:
435:
423:
413:
396:
388:
380:conformation372:
368:autoxidation356:
337:
261:
230:
202:
189:guanethidine185:trace amines162:
145:hypertension142:
88:(VMAT) is a85:
83:
70:
54:
52:lead section7616:Amphetamine7544:Adrenergics7510:Guanazodine7495:Bethanidine7325:Mepiprazole7119:Flephedrone7059:Amfepramone7039:Brephedrone6935:Oxazolines:6767:Cyprodenate6612:Prenylamine6594:Phentermine6410:Flephedrone6405:Fenproporex6350:Clortermine6345:Clobenzorex6283:Amphetamine6278:Amfepramone6217:Thozalinone6197:Cyclazodone6179:Oxazolines:6035:Cyprodenate5898:Prenylamine5712:Flephedrone5707:Fenproporex5647:Clortermine5642:Clobenzorex5582:Amphetamine5577:Amfepramone5516:Thozalinone5496:Cyclazodone5478:Oxazolines:5349:Adrenergics5276:Valbenazine5266:Rose bengal5211:Deserpidine5182:amphetamine5132:levorphanol5076:Dextrorphan5029:ziprasidone5011:pheniramine4946:Lofepramine4926:Desipramine4875:Tesofensine4865:Sibutramine4840:Perafensine4800:JNJ-79254764795:Indatraline4740:Dasotraline4710:Amifitadine4689:Venlafaxine4669:Milnacipran4568:Etoperidone4548:Seproxetine4538:Pirandamine4518:Omiloxetine4498:Fluvoxamine4458:Cericlamine4448:Alaproclate4395:levorphanol4324:ziprasidone4306:pheniramine4278:Setiptiline4263:Maprotiline4222:Lofepramine4202:Desipramine4151:Tesofensine4141:Sibutramine4116:Perafensine4076:JNJ-79254764071:Indatraline4016:Dasotraline3986:Amifitadine3965:Venlafaxine3940:Milnacipran3869:Nomifensine3834:Fencamfamin3763:Lortalamine3753:Edivoxetine3743:Ciclazindol3738:Alseroxylon3686:Venlafaxine3666:Tametraline3656:Sibutramine3631:Perafensine3611:Nomifensine3541:Indatraline3516:Fencamfamin3491:DOV-216,3033486:DOV-102,6773446:Dasotraline3441:Ciclazindol3399:Armodafinil3394:Amifitadine3343:Tesofensine3151:Difemetorex2480:(10): 425.2426:Amino Acids2201:: 125–156.1856:J Biol Chem1726:: 277–301.1319:Med Res Rev813:and VMAT2.708:endocytosis623:hydrophobic530:Amphetamine490:amphetamine451:increases V431:indoleamine288:in the gut.207:discovered124:– into the118:epinephrine7575:Categories7485:SoRI-200417478:SoRI-200407411:Tryptamine7194:Methedrone7189:Mephedrone7144:Lophophine7134:Iofetamine7124:Flucetorex7024:Amiflamine6953:Fluminorex6948:Clominorex6782:Heptaminol6777:Gilutensin6762:Cypenamine6627:Selegiline6584:Pholedrine6553:Ortetamine6533:Methedrone6501:Mephedrone6451:Lophophine6420:Furfenorex6325:Buphedrone6268:Amfecloral6263:Alfetamine6207:Fluminorex6202:Fenozolone6192:Clominorex6050:Heptaminol6045:Gilutensin6030:Cypenamine6015:Amineptine5888:Pholedrine5878:Pholedrine5849:Ortetamine5789:Methedrone5757:Mephedrone5747:Lophophine5722:Furfenorex5652:D-Deprenyl5622:Buphedrone5567:Amfecloral5562:Alfetamine5506:Fluminorex5501:Fenozolone5491:Clominorex5325:SoRI-200415318:SoRI-200405246:Ketanserin5173:Amiodarone5136:tapentadol5096:Mesembrine5066:Delucemine5043:esketamine4956:Pipofezine4941:Imipramine4860:SEP-2284324855:SEP-2284314825:Nefazodone4810:Liafensine4780:Fezolamine4770:DOV-2163034765:DOV-1026774720:Bicifadine4715:Ansofaxine4654:Eclanamine4649:Duloxetine4634:Bicifadine4608:Vilazodone4578:Lubazodone4573:Litoxetine4558:Zimelidine4553:Sertraline4528:Paroxetine4523:Panuramine4493:Fluoxetine4488:Femoxetine4468:Dapoxetine4463:Citalopram4387:tapentadol4366:Nefazodone4349:Ephenidine4344:Dopexamine4227:Melitracen4217:Imipramine4136:SEP-2284324131:SEP-2284314101:Nefazodone4086:Liafensine4056:Fezolamine4046:DOV-2163034041:DOV-1026773996:Bicifadine3991:Ansofaxine3950:Nafenodone3925:Eclanamine3920:Duloxetine3879:Radafaxine3859:Manifaxine3844:Lefetamine3819:Amineptine3803:Viloxazine3778:Reboxetine3773:Nisoxetine3651:Sertraline3641:Radafaxine3626:Oroxylin 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