Temperature and Microbial Growth | Boundless Microbiology | Study Guides (2024)

Table of Contents
Growth Rate and Temperature Learning Objectives Key Takeaways Growth Rate and Temperature Classification of Microorganisms by Growth Temperature Learning Objectives Key Takeaways Methanopyrus kandleri The Heat-Shock Response Learning Objectives Key Takeaways Licenses and Attributions References

Growth Rate and Temperature

Bacteria may grow across a wide range of temperatures, from very cold to very hot.

Learning Objectives

Describe how the growth of bacteria is affected by temperature and how bacterial growth can be measured

Key Takeaways

Key Points

  • The basic means of measuring growth requires bacterial enumeration (cell counting).
  • Methods for bacterial cell counting include: 1. direct and individual (microscopic, flow cytometry), 2. direct and bulk (biomass), 3. indirect and individual (colony counting), or 4. indirect and bulk (most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake).
  • A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold. All human pathogens are mesophiles.
  • Cold shock proteins help the cell to survive in temperatures lower than optimum growth temperature.
  • Heat shock proteins help the cell to survive in temperatures greater than the optimum, possibly by condensation of the chromosome and organization of the prokaryotic nucleoid.

Key Terms

  • mesophile: An organism, especially a microorganism, that lives and thrives at moderate temperatures.
  • psychrophile: An organism that can live and thrive at temperatures much lower than normal; a form of extremophile.
  • thermophile: An organism that lives and thrives at relatively high temperatures; a form of extremophile; many are members of the Archaea.

Growth Rate and Temperature

Temperature and Microbial Growth | Boundless Microbiology | Study Guides (1)

Bacterial growth curve: Bacterial growth in batch culture can be modeled with four different phases: (A) the lag phase, when the population stays roughly the same; (B) the exponential, or log, phase, when the population grows at an increasing rate; (C) the stationary phase, when population growth stagnates; and (D) the death phase, when bacteria begin to die off and the population decreases in size.

Bacterial growth is the division of one bacterium into two daughter cells in a process called binary fission. Providing no mutational event occurs the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to the original cell. Hence, local doubling of the bacterial population occurs. Both daughter cells from the division do not necessarily survive. However, if the number surviving exceeds unity on average, the bacterial population undergoes exponential growth. The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists. The basic means requires bacterial enumeration (cell counting) by direct and individual (microscopic, flow cytometry), direct and bulk (biomass), indirect and individual (colony counting), or indirect and bulk (most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake) methods. Models reconcile theory with the measurements.

Temperature and Microbial Growth | Boundless Microbiology | Study Guides (2)

Grand Prismatic Spring, Midway & Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park: This photo shows steam rising from hot and sterile deep azure blue water in the center, surrounded by huge mats of brilliant orange algae, bacteria and archaea. These colorful microorganisms are called extremophiles—these in particular are thermophiles.

Bacteria may grow across a wide range of temperatures, from very cold to very hot. A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold. All human pathogens are mesophiles. Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles: those that prefer cold environments are termed psychrophilic, those preferring warmer temperatures are termed thermophilic or thermotrophs and those thriving in extremely hot environments are hyperthermophilic.

For example, in molecular biology, the cold-shock domain (CSD) is a protein domain of about 70 amino acids which has been found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Part of this domain is highly similar to the RNP-1 RNA-binding motif. When Escherichia coli is exposed to a temperature drop from 37 to 10 degrees Celsius, a four to five hour lag phase occurs and then growth is resumed at a reduced rate. During the lag phase, the expression of around 13 proteins, which contain cold shock domains is increased two- to ten-fold. These so-called cold shock proteins are thought to help the cell survive in temperatures lower than optimum growth temperature, by contrast with heat shock proteins, which help the cell survive in temperatures greater than the optimum, possibly by condensation of the chromosome and organization of the prokaryotic nucleoid.

Classification of Microorganisms by Growth Temperature

Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, metabolism or on differences in cell components.

Learning Objectives

Describe how bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or differences in cell components such as DNA

Key Takeaways

Key Points

  • A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 20 and 45 °C (68 and 113 °F).The term is mainly applied to microorganisms.
  • All bacteria have their own optimum environmental surroundings and temperatures in which they thrive the most.
  • Thermophiles contain enzymes that can function at high temperatures. Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology (for example, heat-stable DNA polymerases for PCR), and in washing agents.

Key Terms

  • mesophile: An organism, especially a microorganism, that lives and thrives at moderate temperatures.
  • thermophile: An organism that lives and thrives at relatively high temperatures; a form of extremophile; many are members of the Archaea.

Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism, or on differences in cell components such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones.

Bacteria can be classified by their optimal growth temperature. The following are the five classifications:

  • Hyperthermophile (60 degrees C and upwards)
  • Thermophile (optimal growth between 45 and 122 degrees)
  • Mesophile (20 and 45 degrees C)
  • Psychrotrophs (will survive at 0 degrees C, but prefer mesophilic temperature
  • Psychrophiles (-15 and 10 degrees C or lower)

Temperature and Microbial Growth | Boundless Microbiology | Study Guides (3)

Methanopyrus kandleri

Methanopyrus kandleri can survive and reproduce at 122 °C.

A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 20 and 45 °C (68 and 113 °F). The term is mainly applied to microorganisms.The habitats of these organisms include especially cheese, yogurt, and mesophile organisms are often included in the process of beer and wine making. Organisms that prefer cold environments are termed psychrophilic, those preferring warmer temperatures are termed thermophilic and those thriving in extremely hot environments are hyperthermophilic. All bacteria have their own optimum environmental surroundings and temperatures in which they thrive the most. A thermophile is an organism — a type of extremophile — that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 122 °C (113 and 252 °F). Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the earliest bacteria. Thermophiles are found in various geothermally heated regions of the Earth, such as hot springs like those in Yellowstone National Park. and deep sea hydrothermal vents, as well as decaying plant matter, such as peat bogs and compost.As a prerequisite for their survival, thermophiles contain enzymes that can function at high temperatures. Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology (for example, heat-stable DNA polymerases for PCR), and in washing agents.

The Heat-Shock Response

Heat shock response is a cell's response to intense heat, including up-regulation of heat shock proteins.

Learning Objectives

Describe how the bacterial stress response enables bacteria to survive adverse and fluctuating conditions in their immediate surroundings such as increases in temperature

Key Takeaways

Key Points

  • The bacterial stress response enables bacteria to survive adverse and fluctuating conditions in their immediate surroundings.
  • A bacterial cell can react simultaneously to a wide variety of stresses and the various stress response systems interact with each other by a complex of global regulatory networks.
  • The up-regulation of HSPs during heat shock is generally controlled by a single transcription factor; in eukaryotes this regulation is performed by heat shock factor (HSF), while σ32 is the heat shock sigma factor in Escherichia coli.

Key Terms

  • heat shock response: The cellular response to heat shock.

The bacterial stress response enables bacteria to survive adverse and fluctuating conditions in their immediate surroundings. Various bacterial mechanisms recognize different environmental changes and mount an appropriate response. A bacterial cell can react simultaneously to a wide variety of stresses, and the various stress response systems interact with each other by a complex of global regulatory networks.

In biochemistry, heat shock is the "effect of subjecting a cell to a higher temperature than that of the ideal body temperature of the organism from which the cell line was derived. "

Heat shock response is the cellular response to heat shock includes the transcriptional up-regulation of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs) as part of the cell's internal repair mechanism. HSPs are also called 'stress-proteins' and respond to heat, cold and oxygen deprivation by activating several cascade pathways. HSPs are also present in cells under perfectly normal conditions. Some HSPs, called 'chaperones', ensure that the cell's proteins are in the right shape and in the right place at the right time. For example, HSPs help new or misfolded proteins to fold into their correct three-dimensional conformations, which is essential for their function. They also shuttle proteins from one compartment to another inside the cell and target old or terminally misfolded proteins to proteases for degradation. Additionally, heat shock proteins are believed to play a role in the presentation of pieces of proteins (or peptides) on the cell surface to help the immune system recognize diseased cells. The up-regulation of HSPs during heat shock is generally controlled by a single transcription factor; in eukaryotes this regulation is performed by heat shock factor (HSF), while σ32 is the heat shock sigma factor in Escherichia coli.

Temperature and Microbial Growth | Boundless Microbiology | Study Guides (4)

Heat shock proteins: Heat shock protein come in many sizes. This is an example of small heat shock proteins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clonal Variants Isolated from Diverse Niches.

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Growth Rate and Temperature

Bacteria have the ability to grow across a wide range of temperatures, from very cold to very hot. The growth of bacteria is affected by temperature, and it can be measured using various methods for bacterial cell counting. These methods include direct and individual techniques (such as microscopic examination and flow cytometry), direct and bulk techniques (such as biomass measurement), indirect and individual techniques (such as colony counting), and indirect and bulk techniques (such as most probable number, turbidity, and nutrient uptake).

A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperatures, neither too hot nor too cold. All human pathogens are mesophiles. Cold shock proteins help the cell to survive in temperatures lower than the optimum growth temperature, while heat shock proteins help the cell to survive in temperatures greater than the optimum. Heat shock proteins may function by condensing the chromosome and organizing the prokaryotic nucleoid .

Classification of Microorganisms by Growth Temperature

Bacteria can be classified based on their optimal growth temperature. The five classifications based on growth temperature are as follows:

  1. Hyperthermophile: These organisms thrive at temperatures of 60 degrees Celsius and above.
  2. Thermophile: Thermophiles have an optimal growth temperature between 45 and 122 degrees Celsius.
  3. Mesophile: Mesophiles grow best at temperatures between 20 and 45 degrees Celsius.
  4. Psychrotrophs: Psychrotrophs can survive at 0 degrees Celsius but prefer mesophilic temperatures.
  5. Psychrophiles: Psychrophiles thrive at temperatures between -15 and 10 degrees Celsius or lower.

The Heat-Shock Response

The heat-shock response is a cellular response to intense heat. It includes the up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as part of the cell's internal repair mechanism. HSPs, also known as stress proteins, respond to heat, cold, and oxygen deprivation by activating several cascade pathways. They play a role in protein folding, protein transport within the cell, and the immune system's recognition of diseased cells. The up-regulation of HSPs during heat shock is generally controlled by a single transcription factor, such as heat shock factor (HSF) in eukaryotes or σ32 in Escherichia coli.

These concepts provide an overview of how temperature affects bacterial growth, the classification of microorganisms based on growth temperature, and the heat-shock response in bacteria. If you have any further questions or need more information, feel free to ask!

Temperature and Microbial Growth | Boundless Microbiology | Study Guides (2024)

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